Lucent Technologies Deferred Taxation Free Essays

Executive Summary This memorandum is intended to communicate the deferred tax issues of Lucent Technologies Inc. on the basis of analysis of the veracity of the situation according to the reporting framework’s guidelines to anticipate unfavorable implications that had been resulted due to poor performance of the company over the past years. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is the recognized body for making pronouncements as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAPs) in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Lucent Technologies Deferred Taxation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The FASB has promulgated Statement of Financial Accounting Standard # 103 â€Å"Accounting for Income Taxes† which specifically prescribes the treatment of income taxes of corporate entities and guidance for how deferred taxes should be recorded either an asset or a liability in the financial statements. It also provides assistance in certain cases requiring a valuation allowance to be used to reduce the carrying value of any deferred tax asset for which it was â€Å" more likely than not† that the asset would not be realized. The main reason behind the issue is the impact of cut-throat competition in the telecom industry and downturn in the economic conditions which had adversely affected the company’s overall financial performance as a result deferred taxes amounting to $ 7. 6 billion as of September 30, 2011 have been recognized against deductible temporary differences, operating losses and tax credit carry forwards. However, under the prevailing circumstances, it is apparent that the company will not be able to generate positive taxable income in the future periods to offset the losses. Accordingly, as per FAS # 109 the valuation allowance has to be reviewed against potential tax assets and for any items in which it is more probable through persuasive and reliable evidence that the asset will not reduce future taxable income Analysis Since after the inception of its operations in November 1995, the quality production and innovation were key business success factors. However, eventually with the passage of time the entry of new firms in the telecom industry such as Alcatel, Ciena, Cisco, Ericsson, and Motorola Inc. , have intensified the level of competition. As a result of this most industry participant opted to strengthen their relationships with large service providers, as they represented over 70% of global carrier spending. The collapse of competitive local exchange carriers and other competitors of incumbent carriers had resulted in fewer customers. In addition the large service providers, has been consolidating, thus giving the remaining service providers additional buying power. Furthermore, as service providers continued to reduce their capital spending, fewer sales opportunities existed. Moreover, a number of its existing competitors were very large companies with substantial technical, engineering, and financial resources, brand recognition and established relationships with global service providers. These competitors were able to offer low prices, additional products or services, or other incentives. These potential competitors were also in a stronger position to respond quickly to new or emerging technologies and to undertake more extensive marketing campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing policies, and make more attractive offers to potential customers, employees, and third-party agents. During the company’s financial year ending September 30, 2001, Lucent had lost $16 billion placing its retained earnings into a net deficit. Subsequently, in the first and seconds quarters of fiscal 2002, the trend continued with losses of $423 million and $495 million respectively. As of September 30, 2001, Lucent had tax credit carry forwards of $898 and federal, state and local, and non-U. S. net operating loss carry forwards of $ 1,640 (tax effected), most of which expire primarily after the year 2019. As of September 30, 2001, Lucent has recorded valuation allowances totaling $ 742 against these carry forwards, primarily in certain states and foreign jurisdictions in which Lucent has concluded it is ‘more likely than not’ that these carry forwards will not be recognized. The components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows; Year Ended September 30, | 2001| 2000| |   | $ in ‘000’| $ in ‘000’| Deferred Income Tax Assets|   |   | | Bad Debt and customer financing reserves| $ 1,004| $ 2|   | Inventory reserves| 685| 314| | Business restructuring reserves| 632| -|   | Other operating reserves| 536| 407|   | Postretirement and other benefits| 2,386| 2,352|   | Net operating loss/ credit carry forwards| 2,538| 240|   | Other | 636| 364| | Valuation allowance| (742)| (197)| Total deferred tax assets| 7,675| 3,562| |   | | | Deferred Income Tax liabilities| | | | Pension| 1,971| 2,480| | Property, plant and equipment| 5| 417|   | Other| 521| 734| Total deferred tax liabilities| $ 2,497| $ 3,631| Keeping in view the above figures, it turned out that the company’s remaining deferred tax assets amount to $ 5. 2 billion and since it is a substantial amount the company’s management may however believe that it would be realized based on forecasted taxable income. However, as per FAS # 109, paragraph 17, issued February 1992, whereby it stipulates that a valuation is required when it is ‘more likely than not’ that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be recognized. Therefore, forming a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed is difficult when there is negative evidence such as cumulative losses in past recent years as mentioned above. Hence, cumulative losses weigh heavily in the overall assessment. During the fiscal 2002 third quarter end review, the company should need to consider several significant developments in determining the need for a full valuation allowance including; * The continuity and recently more severe market decline * Uncertainty and lack of visibility in the telecommunication market as a whole * A significant decrease in sequential quarterly revenue levels * A decrease in sequential earnings after several quarters of sequential improvements The necessity for further restructuring and cost reduction actions to attain profitability As a result of this assessment, the company has established a full valuation allowance for its remaining net deferred tax assets as at June 30, 2002. Lucent recorded a non-cash charge of $ 5. 83 billion, or $ 1. 70 per share, to provide a full valuation allowance on its remaining deferred tax assets as June 30, 2002. This charge was partially offset by a third quarter income tax benefit of $282 million on a pro forma basis, and $ 50 5 million on as-reported basis. In order for the company’s management to determine whether a valuation allowance is required, managers should consider all available evidence. FAS # 109 divides this evidence into negative (that is, the asset is unlikely to be realized) and positive evidence. Negative evidence includes items such as cumulative losses in recent years; a history of operating loss carries forwards expiring unused, losses expected in early future years, or assets expected to reverse in a single year in a cyclical business. The statement declares that forming a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed is difficult when there is negative evidence. In contrast, positive includes a strong earnings history (exclusive of any current loss), existing contracts that will produce taxable income in the period of the asset turnaround, or a large excess of appreciated asset value over a tax basis and tax planning strategies. Accordingly, based on the two types of evidences mentioned above, the views of the SEC staff with respect to valuation allowances on deferred tax assets and the types of questions that they might ask if they reviewed the Lucent’s financial reports are as follows; * With respect to valuation allowances the SEC is likely to look at the basics for having or not having a valuation allowance, the timing of recording changes, or consistency with other forward-looking information * Comments relating to the adequacy of disclosures, the actual descriptions of rate reconciliation items, deferred tax assets and liabilities, uncertain ax positions, timing of reversals, or expiration of net operating losses in various jurisdictions. * The SEC may also ask questions relating to contractual obligations * The SEC may also ask for clarification related to management’s material estimates and/or judgments. It is important that changes in estimates be well documented. * Disclose the amount of pretax income that the company needs to generate to realize the deferred tax assets. The SEC staff may ask to include an explanation of the anticipated future trends included in the company’s projections of future taxable income. Confirmation to them that the anticipated future trends included in the company’s assessment of the realizability of its deferred tax assets are the same anticipated future trends used in estimating the fair value of your reporting units for purposes of testing goodwill for impairment and any other assessment of your tangible and intangible assets for impairment. Disclose that the deferred tax liabilities that the company is relying on in its assessment of the realizability of its deferred tax assets will reverse in the same period and jurisdiction and are of the same character as the temporary differences giving rise to the deferred tax assets. * Indicate the nature of the uncertainty and the nature of each event that could occur in the n ext twelve months that would cause the change for each significant tax position. Conclusion It has been evident from the above analysis that Lucent has been facing poor performance and as many of its assets have very long lives but it’s still not indicative of future viability of these assets. Until an appropriate level of profitability is reached, Lucent should not expect to recognize any significant tax benefits in future results of its operations. The company must use judgment in considering the relative impact of negative and positive evidence. The weight given to the potential effect of negative and positive evidence should be commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. The more negative evidence that exist (a) the more positive evidence is necessary and (b) the more difficult is to support a conclusion that a valuation is not needed for some portion or the entire deferred tax asset. How to cite Lucent Technologies Deferred Taxation, Papers

Factor Contributing to Customer Relationship-Samples for Students

Question: Anayse the Factor Contributing to Customer relationship Management. Research Title Analyzing factors contributing to customer relationship management Introduction The study examines and evaluates the factors that contribute to customer relationship management structure. In addition, the research conceptual framework focus mainly on factors that affect customer relationship management practices was developed by assessing the CRM strategies (Trainor et al. 2014). Establishing strong relationships with customers is significant for attainment of future success rates in any business enterprise. Business organization understand that customers are the real asset and viewed as maintaining customer relations as profitable transactions as well as opportunities that need in administration. Customer Relationship Management is one of the business strategies that attracts retains as well as elevates the clientele. It needs proper accomplishment of the strategy that will help business enterprise for performing the three tasks with lower costs. The current research segment uses mixed methods that include qualitative and quantitative approaches that come under research methodology section. In this study, data was collected by using interview and survey method with the staff members, clientele and administrators. Analysis will be done by using Pearsons correlation coefficient, multiple regression examination and factor investigation (ebjan, Bobek and Tominc 2014). Research Questions What are factors that contribute to customer relationship management? How to find out or what is parameter to understand whether customer is satisfied or dissatisfied? Research Objectives To find out the current services given To find out if customer is satisfied or dissatisfied To find out how information technology is linked with Customer Relationship Management (Peppers and Rogers 2016) To highlight facts on how commitment of management links with Customer Relationship Management (ebjan, Bobek and Tominc 2014) To elucidate facts about knowledge of human resources and how it links with Customer Relationship Management To understand how knowledge of Customer Relationship Management links with CRM activities Research Hypothesis H1: Information technology is association with Customer Relationship Management H2: Managements commitment is associated with Customer Relationship Management H3: Human resource knowledge is associated with Customer Relationship Management H4: Knowledge of Customer Relationship Management is associated with CRM Literature Review and theoretical framework As rightly forward by Tseng (2016), Customer Relationship Management is one of the philosophies of clientele as well as marketing that had been derived from the advertising for creating association. In addition, Customer Relationship Management in marketing defines as the communicating process between customers as well as service of organization for attracting and maintaining the clientele who will become true customers of association and uses services. Furthermore, consumers will pay for the services that are provided by the association at a higher level (ebjan, Bobek and Tominc 2014). As opined by Peppard and Ward (2016), the factors for Customer Relationship Management that include people, technology and procedure. Furthermore, it is important to drive for other plan as well that include technology-driven process, customer-centric business process as well as cross-functional integration. Customer Relationship Management is composed of people, technology as well as culture and leadership (Peppers and Rogers 2016). Research Conceptual Model According to Lusch and Vargo (2014), the conceptual model of the research help in providing a general vision of the relations between management commitment, human resource knowledge as well as management commitment as well as knowledge of CRM and organizational culture. Figure: Conceptual Framework proposed by the researcher (Source: ebjan, Bobek and Tominc 2014) Information Technology In recent times, information technology as well as communication is used as a tool for knowledge administration, strategies and organizational communication (Ho et al. 2015). In addition, Customer Relationship Management Technology is one of the essential strategic tools of business for attaining success in Customer Relationship Management application that owns basic arrangement of information technology as well as information from the customer databases. At first place, Customer Relationship Management strategies are used as a center to store all types of customer news as well as information. Furthermore, the center will get access to competent information technology architecture that is adaptable in accordance to the changing work surroundings. It is all about the value of information that is sent to the consumers that deals with maintaining good relationship with the customers (Armstrong et al. 2015). Management commitment According to Bavarsad and Hosseinipour (2013), management commitment means to support implementation of Customer Relationship Management in a work environment that acknowledges Customer Relationship Management as an essential element of business strategy. In addition, when top management communicates strategy where Customer Relationship Management indicate strategic orientation of the company that leads to leveraging the effectiveness of organizational implementation Human resources As opined by Davand and Hozouri (2013), employers are central to an effective to an effective Customer Relationship Management where business firms manage its relationships with their employees. The company gives employees all they need to be happy and satisfied so that they it can generate revenue for the business. If the customers are not happy, the company will not be satisfied customers in the near future. Knowledge of Customer Relationship Management The above factor deals with people or group that administers who is involved in drafting policies as well as driving Customer Relationship Management into success (Han and Hyun 2015). In addition, it is needed for administrators to have supervision capacity that they should know about Customer Relationship Management. It is expected to start visions that lead the business through use of Customer Relationship Management in an effective way for taking accountability for the growth of Customer Relationship Management plan and implementing some securities that support Customer Relationship Management that include resources, time, working environment and technology. Organizational Culture As rightly put forward by Demo and Rozzett (2013), organizational culture originates as well as accumulated from attitudes, beliefs, common values and expectations. Some of the aspects are involved in cooperative learning as well as implementing ways for attaining organizational aims and transferred to one generation to other. Research Methodology Research Philosophy Researcher will be using realism research philosophy that includes Positivism and Interpretivism. Positivism means collecting scientific data by the researcher as they have conducted survey techniques for the current research study. Interpretivism means understanding the emotional side of human beings as the researcher conduct interview techniques for the present research study. Therefore, realism is the combination of Positivism and Interpretivism that are used by the researcher that aligns with the research topic on Analyzing factors contributing to customer relationship management (Peppers and Rogers 2016). Research Approach There are two types of research design that need to be evaluated by the researcher namely inductive approach and deductive approach. Deductive approach will be used by researcher as existing theories and techniques will be taken into study and then drawn conclusions at the end. Sampling methodology The researcher will be using both quantitative and qualitative method for analyzing the research topic. In case of quantitative research design, the researcher will be distributing survey questions to 150 people on matters relating to analyzing the factors that govern customer relationship management. In case of qualitative research design, the researcher will be conducting interview session from 5 managers and ask them about the factors that leads to customer relationship management. Expected Outcomes It is suggested that implementation of Customer Relationship Management is done in other domestic as well as foreign firms that uses cost and benefit analysis methods (ebjan, Bobek and Tominc 2014). In order to become economically viable, it is recommended to further investigate by use of cost and benefit analysis by conducting human resource training as well as application of information technology. Reference List Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bavarsad, B. and Hosseinipour, G., 2013. Studying the Factors Affecting the Customer Relations Management (CRM) in Marun Petrochemical Company.Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business,4(11), pp.845-857. Davand, Z. and Hozouri, S., 2013. An exploration study to detect important factors influencing customer relationship management on reducing unhappy clients.Management Science Letters,3(12), pp.3059-3064. Demo, G. and Rozzett, K., 2013. Customer relationship management scale for the business-to-consumer market: exploratory and confirmatory validation and models comparison.International Business Research,6(11), p.29. Han, H. and Hyun, S.S., 2015. Customer retention in the medical tourism industry: Impact of quality, satisfaction, trust, and price reasonableness.Tourism Management,46, pp.20-29. Ho, C.T.B., Yang, J.M.D. and Hung, C.S.V., 2015. The Factors of Information System Success: An Example of Customer Relationship Management Implementation in Food Beverage Industry.International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning,5(3), p.114. Ho, C.T.B., Yang, J.M.D. and Hung, C.S.V., 2015. The Factors of Information System Success: An Example of Customer Relationship Management Implementation in Food Beverage Industry.International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning,5(3), p.114. Lusch, R.F. and Vargo, S.L., 2014.The service-dominant logic of marketing: Dialog, debate, and directions. Routledge. Pedron, C.D. and Saccol, A.Z., 2009. What lies behind the concept of customer relationship management? Discussing the essence of CRM through a phenomenological approach.BAR-Brazilian Administration Review,6(1), pp.34-49. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Peppers, D. and Rogers, M., 2016.Managing Customer Experience and Relationships: A Strategic Framework. John Wiley Sons. Peppers, D. and Rogers, M., 2016.Managing Customer Experience and Relationships: A Strategic Framework. John Wiley Sons. ebjan, U., Bobek, S. and Tominc, P., 2014. Organizational factors influencing effective use of CRM solutions.Procedia Technology,16, pp.459-470. Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R., 2014. Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1201-1208. Tseng, S.M., 2016. Knowledge management capability, customer relationship management, and service quality.Journal of enterprise information management,29(2), pp.202-221

On March Fourth, 1801, Thomas Jefferson Was Elected President Essays

On March fourth, 1801, Thomas Jefferson was elected President of the United States of America. Thomas Jefferson was a Republican. Republicans strongly supported farmers, and they wanted an agrarian nation. An agrarian nation means some changes had to be made in the country. The country needed strong trade with other countries, and they also needed more land to farm on. This led to the Louisiana Purchase. The French owned a huge amount of land west of the United States. Inside all of this land was the mouth of the Mississippi River, New Orleans. Because the Republicans wanted a farming nation, America needed a port like New Orleans. Jefferson didn't think that Napoleon would sell all of this land, but he asked him anyway if he was willing to sell. To his surprise Napoleon did want to sell this land because he needed more money for his fight with Great Britain. So Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory, and doubled the nation's size. This purchase was a mastermind move by Jefferson that let the farming nation trade using the whole Mississippi. Another achievement of Thomas Jefferson was the exploration of the Louisiana Territory. He hired Lewis and Clark to explore the uncharted territory. He told them to search the land for a river passage to the Pacific Ocean. Jefferson also told them to keep diaries and make maps. This was Clark's task. In May, 1804, forty-four men set out on the expedition. The travelers tried to be friendly with the Indians on their way. When they reached North Dakota they hired the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau, and his wife Sacajawea to be guides and interpreters. With them they traveled all the way to the Pacific Coast and back. Even though many people were disappointed upon their return that they had not found an all water route, Lewis and Clark were the first to map most of this land we call America. They also aroused an interest in the people to move westward in the growing nation. Let's go back a little bit to when Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States. He needed money to fight in the war he was having with Great Britain. Since the United States had a small military, it did not want to be involved in the French-British War. America tried to stay neutral while trading with Europe, but France and Great Britain kept on violating their neutrality rights. The United States kept on trying to trade, but both sides put blockades on each others ports. This meant that the other countries took their ships. The British, however, not only took their ships, but they also impressed American sailors. During all of this mayhem President Madison came to power. Because of Britain's violations of America's sailors, he asked congress to declare war against Britain. Congress voted yes to the war. Afterwards, it was named the War of 1812. After two years of fighting, General Andrew Jackson came out victorious. A treaty was signed in Belgium, and the growing nation finally earned a little respect. They did this by changing the attitude of the Europeans towards them. Following the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson ran for president in 1828 and won. Jackson is said to be the first western president. President Jackson was odd in a the way he sided with states on some things and on other things he did not. He wanted to remove the Indians, get rid of the National Bank, and in 1828 he let a tariff pass that taxed imports. This angered Vice President Callhoon, and other people from South Carolina who said it was unfair. The consequence was that South Carolina nullified the tariff, Callhoon resigned, and South Carolina threatened to form their own government. Even though the Civil War wasn't until many years later, this was a sign of internal conflict that could threaten the growth of the country. Part of the reason that there was this internal conflict was that our nation was growing very rapidly, and each area of the country had huge differences. For example I will take political parties. The Republicans were farmers. They wanted a farming nation much like the South was. The Federalists were much different being from New England. They supported industry and manufacturing goods. An example of party differences is that of the Whisky Rebellion. In this the Federalists who were in power at the time past a law which put a twenty-five percent tax on whisky. This angered Republican farmers who turned their grain into whisky. A full scale revolt came out of this which threatened the ever-changing young country. Another difference was

Free Essays on Honduras

Honduras Essay written by: q_bert The Republic of Honduras is a comparatively large country in Central America. Its area is at 112,088 km2, and has about 13,000,000 people in which about 60% are literate. Honduras is the 2ed largest country in Central America. Their national holiday is their Independence Day and they celebrate this on the 15th of September, although it is not the only time they gained their independence, it is the only time they celebrate. The nation also escaped from the United Provinces of Central America. The capitol of this mainly Spanish and English speaking nation is Tegucigalpa. The history of the country begins when Columbus saw the country, but he generally stayed farther north. Spain began to settle the country in 1524. The two men in charge of the colony were Davila and Orid. The country was largely unprosperous until 1536 when Gold was discovered in the city of Gracias. The discovery of gold got new settlers to come and also created more demand for miners to mine the gold. The indigenous peoples were forced into this job. One year later in 1537 an uprising occurred and it was led by Lempira, who the national currency would be later named after. His base was on a hill known as Pe »ol de Cerqu ¡n and successfully defeated all efforts to subdue him until the year 1538. In 1538 other native groups began following his example and started small uprisings. Lempira was ultimately killed while negotiating with the Spaniards. The fighting was greatly weakened but continued for 3 more years. The defeat of Lempira’s revolt accelerated the decimation of the indigenous peoples. In 1539 there was approximately 15,000 people and two years later there was approximately 8,000. Most of the remaining peoples were divided into encomiendas, a system that left the native people in their villages, but placed them under the control of Spanish settlers. Under the terms of the system the Spanish were to provide the natives wit... Free Essays on Honduras Free Essays on Honduras Honduras Essay written by: q_bert The Republic of Honduras is a comparatively large country in Central America. Its area is at 112,088 km2, and has about 13,000,000 people in which about 60% are literate. Honduras is the 2ed largest country in Central America. Their national holiday is their Independence Day and they celebrate this on the 15th of September, although it is not the only time they gained their independence, it is the only time they celebrate. The nation also escaped from the United Provinces of Central America. The capitol of this mainly Spanish and English speaking nation is Tegucigalpa. The history of the country begins when Columbus saw the country, but he generally stayed farther north. Spain began to settle the country in 1524. The two men in charge of the colony were Davila and Orid. The country was largely unprosperous until 1536 when Gold was discovered in the city of Gracias. The discovery of gold got new settlers to come and also created more demand for miners to mine the gold. The indigenous peoples were forced into this job. One year later in 1537 an uprising occurred and it was led by Lempira, who the national currency would be later named after. His base was on a hill known as Pe »ol de Cerqu ¡n and successfully defeated all efforts to subdue him until the year 1538. In 1538 other native groups began following his example and started small uprisings. Lempira was ultimately killed while negotiating with the Spaniards. The fighting was greatly weakened but continued for 3 more years. The defeat of Lempira’s revolt accelerated the decimation of the indigenous peoples. In 1539 there was approximately 15,000 people and two years later there was approximately 8,000. Most of the remaining peoples were divided into encomiendas, a system that left the native people in their villages, but placed them under the control of Spanish settlers. Under the terms of the system the Spanish were to provide the natives wit...

A Review On Communication And Collaboration Education Essay

A Review On Communication And Collaboration Education Essay Communication and Collaboration Engaging learners in the learning progression encompasses communication and collaboration skills, practices and sympathies. Providing for students requirements is a composite process and it may even be more difficult when a class has learners with special needs or disabilities. In this case, a teacher may find it necessary to interact efficiently with other teachers, school administration, and professional support staff in addition to other special education suppliers. Teacher’s capability to collaboratively work collectively as a group of experts impacts on the learning results desired by all students (Friend therefore, communication can happen across huge distances in space and time. Communication necessitates that the connecting parties share a region of talkative harmony (DeVito, 2005). The communication practice is complete as soon as the receiver has apprehended the meaning of the sender Communication and collaboration goes hand in hand with one another in education particularly in teaching and learning (Bauwens, 1989). There is therefore a need for advanced collaboration among tutors in the schools specifically in centering on ways of boosting collaborative planning timeline adherence and a combined collaborative focus on differentiated learning for students with special needs (Phillips, 1990). The aim of this paper is to refer to communication and collaboration processes and skills that would be utilized by a year level coordinator to encourage collaborative planning timeline adherence and a combined collaborative focus on differentiated learning for students with special needs. The atmosphere of educational collaboration as one essential key to professional sharing of finest practices in the rationalization of schools in order to take care of distinguished learning for learners with special needs will be deliberated. Issues of Collaboration Processes, Collaboration skills, Communication Processes and Communicati on Skills will form the center of discussion in this paper. Communication Processes The fundamental to successful collaborations is communication. There is need therefore for development of collaborative and communicative expertise and skills which could be useful to different scenarios in teaching and learning activities, especially where student with special needs are involved. Communication process takes different forms depending on the parties involved in communication (DeVito, 2005). There is verbal communication in which words are used to exchange message and non-verbal communication which uses sign, body movement, and facial expression to convey message. There is another form called interpersonal communication that occurs between individuals who have a connection or affiliation. Interpersonal communication happens when one sends or obtains messages and when an individual allocate meaning to such messages (DeVito, 2005).

Current State of the Indian Economy Research Paper

Current State of the Indian Economy - Research Paper Example The country focused on fulfilling the local demand and through the process was able to recover from the economic crises (CIA, 2013). CPI (Cost Price Index): Year Average CPI 1970 5.09% 1971 3.07% 1972 6.43% 1973 16.79% 1974 28.52% 1975 6.62% 1976 -7.57% 1977 8.31% 1978 2.54% 1979 6.23% 1980 11.38% 1981 13.11% 1982 7.93% 1983 11.83% 1984 8.43% 1985 5.55% 1986 8.72% 1987 8.79% 1988 9.39% 1989 7.11% 1990 8.92% 1991 13.88% 1992 11.88% 1993 6.31% 1994 10.24% 1995 10.22% 1996 8.98% 1997 7.25% 1998 13.17% 1999 4.84% 2000 4.02% 2001 3.77% 2002 4.31% 2003 3.81% 2004 3.77% 2005 4.25% 2006 5.79% 2007 6.39% 2008 8.32% 2009 10.83% 2010 12.11% (Inflation.eu, 2013) Inflation rate of the country has varied since 1970s. As seen in the graph the CPI value was the highest in the year of 1974 and was the lowest in 1976. The reason for such a dramatic increase in the country’s CPI value was mainly due to the 1971 conflict of the country with its neighboring country Pakistan. As a result of the war inflation rate in the two countries significantly increased. The same reason can be given for the dramatic decrease in the inflation rate during the time period of May 1976 (The Economist, 2012). The country’s CPI is considered one of the highest in the world and is also considered as the second highest amongst the major economic countries. Inflation has been one of the major concerns of the country with the government trying to develop reforms to manage inflation rates within the country. Prices of goods consumed on a daily basis have significantly increased over the years. With the continuous rise in inflation of the country many experts fear that high inflation rates within the country might lead to a wage spiral within the country (The...This paper offers a comprehensive review of the recent developments in the Indian economy, which is regarded by many economists as a country with a huge growth potential. In order to become one of the leading economic superpower, the cou ntry has to overcome a number of hurdles. These obstacles are complicated and initiatives are needed by the government, industrialists and people alike to work for the progress of the country. The GDP of the country has remained constant over the years with little or no fluctuations occurring. The GDP of the country has seen a sharp increase in recent times mainly due to the measures taken by the government of the country. These measures helped India overcome the economic crisis Cost Price Index of the country has varied over the years with the highest and lowest CPI rates occurring within two years of each other. Inflation has been one of the greatest challenges that the country has to face. With a constant rise in the inflation rates basic commodities within the country are becoming more and more expensive. The government of the country is trying to implement measures that would control inflation rate within the country. Unemployment is a hurdle in the country’s progress. The recent financial crisis have left a large population of the country unemployed. Job opportunities within the country are hard to find and the job creation rate is also on the decline. The government is trying to bring investment back into the country to help job creation within the country.

The Civic Hybrid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Civic Hybrid - Essay Example In the business industry, there are a lot of products available. In order to evaluate the best purchasing alternatives is a good practice to compare similar items from different manufacturers. The products that I’m going to compare are automobiles that are fuel efficient. These types of automobiles are categorized by the media as green vehicles. The three car models analyzed are the Honda Civic hybrid, the Chevy Volt and the Nissan Leaf. The Honda Civic hybrid is a vehicle that combines gas and electric technology. The Civic hybrid has a starting price of $24,050 (Honda). The car gives an mpg rating of 44 miles per gallon. The car is power by a 1.5-liter V-tech engine that incorporates an electric motor for friction reducing and airflow improvements. The car has 110 horsepower.  In the business industry, there are a lot of products available. In order to evaluate the best purchasing alternatives is a good practice to compare similar items from different manufacturers. The pr oducts that I’m going to compare are automobiles that are fuel efficient. These types of automobiles are categorized by the media as green vehicles. The three car models analyzed are the Honda Civic hybrid, the Chevy Volt and the Nissan Leaf. The Honda Civic hybrid is a vehicle that combines gas and electric technology. The Civic hybrid has a starting price of $24,050 (Honda). The car gives an mpg rating of 44 miles per gallon. The car is power by a 1.5-liter V-tech engine that incorporates an electric motor for friction reducing and airflow improvements. The car has 110 horsepower.   The second car featured is the Chevy Volt. The Volt is a hybrid vehicle that combines electric and gasoline technology. The car is very unique because it has different modes that allow for different performance and fuel efficiency. The maximum fuel efficiency of the Volt is 230 miles per gallon. The price of the Volt is $32,780 (Chevrolet). The automobile is power by an electric drive unit wit h 150 horsepower with an 80 horsepower 1.4-liter combustion engine.   The third auto featured is the Nissan Leaf. The Leaf is priced at $25,280 (Nissanusa). The car is powered by an all-electric motor 80 kW A/C synchronous motor with a 24 kWh lithium-ion battery.   The range of one full battery is 100 miles per trip.