How I Live Now by Meg Rosoff Review free essay sample

Fifteen-year-old Daisy is sent off to live in England with her cousins shes never met. She experiences passionate feelings Just as WW3 breaks out. The story follows Daisys life throughout that late spring. This book is coordinated towards youthful grown-ups. I concur with this since a portion of the subjects managed are very full grown e. g. Anorexia, inbreeding, savagery and so on. Anyway the story follows a little youngster so I think that is the reason its suitable for youngsters. I think this book is more for young ladies for what it's worth about a young lady who begins to look all starry eyed and her issues that she has and I figure young ladies would have the option to identify with Daisy more. The story happens soon yet at the same time in the 21st century in England. It doesnt truly identify with my life since I dont live in England or during war. Its a strange setting on the grounds that there is a war going on however its an anecdotal war that hasnt really occurred. Flute player Penn (Daisys multi year old cousin) is my preferred character since she is thoughtful, mindful and honest yet develop for her age by they way she can adapt well to the entirety of the horrible things that happen to her and develop as a result of it. Daisy is my least avourite character since I thought she was very narcissistic. I didnt like how she starved herself Just for consideration. I additionally didnt like that she began to look all starry eyed at her cousin and thought it was alright for them to keep being together. Which it unmistakably isn't on the grounds that cousins cannot be together, their kids would have distortions. Daisy does anyway grow up much through the span of her story. She discovers love and encounters something totally not quite the same as anything shes ever known. She learns new things about herself and her general surroundings. Daisy evelops on account of affection for Edmond and love for Piper and the family. She additionally develops due to what she encounters during the war. She observes horrendous things and needs to assume the job of defender to Piper. In doing this she needs to suppress every one of her sentiments and put on a good show so things dont appear to be so awful for Piper. Daisys fundamental relationship in the story is presumably with Piper, her more youthful cousin. The book is about her beginning to look all starry eyed at her multi year old cousin Edmond, yet I imagine that her relationship with Piper changes her more. She takes on the mother/sister ole to Piper and all through the book the two are practically indivisible. Flute player takes in things from Daisy however Daisy takes in things from Piper (e. g. eating), which are the fundamental explanation she can develop. Daisy additionally has a relationship with the remainder of the cousins. They can jump on quite well and become companions actually rapidly. They are on the whole agreeable around and love one another. Daisy additionally has a somewhat precarious relationship with her father since he remarried. She has an inclination that she doesnt stand out enough to be noticed. A large portion of the connections Daisy has dont identify with my life aside from amily, I have a younger sibling. The fundamental topics in this book are war, fear based oppression and endurance, connections, specifically youthful love, autonomy, companionship, change and partition from your family and those you love. The subjects of dietary problems and clairvoyance are likewise investigated less significantly. Family is referenced again and again all through the novel. Toward the beginning of the book Daisy doesn't have an awesome thought of what family is. Her father possesses scarcely any energy for her, she detests her stepmom and the way that shes getting a stepsibling. She is far off from her close family and asnt even met anybody from her dead moms side. At the point when she moves in with her like her. She develops to adore them and they love her. She realizes what its like to have family and individuals who care for you. Family hugy affects Daisy, they improve her, they make her all the more adoring and she figures out how to eat more as a result of them. I think Daisy likewise affected the family. Before the end when Daisy returns to her father she is much all the more tolerating of her progression mother. Family is one of the principle messages the story is attempting to get over. Without being a family and ighting so difficult to remain alive to return to one another the story would have been very different. I figure Daisy would have Just surrendered. I think this makes Daisys story progressively relatable as the vast majority with a decent family life would do indistinguishable things from Daisy and attempt to remain alive for their loved ones. The most clear clash in the story is the war. It is never clear why the war began or even who was battling. The war is what gets the story under way and causes the greater part of the issues that the kids at that point need to survive. Daisy and her father and stepmom have strife ecause Daisy loathes her stepmom however her father never really attempt cause her to feel progressively great. Daisy feels like her father is never on her side. Daisy likewise has an internal clash all through the book. She realizes she ought to eat however she enjoys having the authority over her stepmom. She likewise feels clashed in light of the fact that she knows being with her cousin isn't right however she adores him. Before the finish of the book the war has wrapped up. During the war they figure out how to not let it upset their lives. Daisy can excuse her father somewhat and she is additionally tolerating of her progression mother and step sister. Daisy is additionally ready to beat the greater part of her internal clash. I would prescribe this book to young people who like sentiment. I am not an enormous devotee of sentiment myself so I didnt appreciate this book as much as somebody who cherishes sentiment would. It is a strange romantic tale not at all like I have perused previously. I would give it two stars out of five. I liked the connection among Piper and Daisy. I for one didnt like the writers style of composing, the absence of exchange and run on sentences drove me up the wall and I once in a while found the story moving gradually. The characters and onflict made it all the more fascinating. It was fascinating to find out about an anecdotal war that occurred sooner rather than later in light of the fact that it shows how it would influence us now days if a war were to occur. It made me consider conceptual impacts the war has like how if there is a war you cannot get petroleum, which means cultivating gets more earnestly, which implies that dairy cattle cease to exist in such a case that they dont get drained routinely enough they get maladies. I dont think Ill read this book once more. On the off chance that you truly like sentiment this could be an alternate turn on it that is not normal for things youVe read previously.

Climate Change in the Business Strategy-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Is environmental change incorporated into your business methodology. Answer: Presentation Atmosphere changes have noteworthy effects on the dreams and benefit augmentation techniques of the association. The consciousness of the atmosphere changes is expanding step by step all through the world in pretty much every industry. Each association has its particular chances, difficulties and coordinating environmental change which assumes a key job in the arrangement making process. The crucial issue we need to address here is the fuse of environmental change in the business system. Besides, we will relate this issue to the authenticity hypothesis which implies an association tries to guarantee that they work inside the limits and standards as indicated by the nearby social orders. To place in basic words, the business exercises are seen to be genuine. The limits and standards are not static so the association must be responsive and the most ideal path is to depend on the thought of an implicit agreement. Writing Review A plenty of research is accessible which manage the issue of environmental change and its consolidation during the time spent business policymaking. In this segment, we will cover some significant past investigations that manage the issue of environmental change just as with the point of view of authenticity hypothesis. A significant investigation led by the McKinsey Company which managing the summed up viewpoint on environmental change chance that shifts industry to industry. This examination is covering practically all significant segments like oil and gas, Chemicals, farming, transport and so forth. The most ideal approach to assemble that report is appear with the assistance of the accompanying outline; Figure 1. Effect of McKinsey Co on carbon revelation. Source: McKinsey Company (2017) Authenticity hypothesis likewise helps to evaluate the Green House Gas discharge and social execution of the firm creation it outstanding amongst other instrument break down and contrast the organizations execution and environmental change. An exploration study had featured the issue of authenticity hole and reasoning that this hole emerges when there is a conflict between desires for society and activities of an association. There is a solid connection between's the desires for society and authenticity hole. To place as it were, it implies the hole will increment when the desires for society changes or the obscure data become known to the general public (Set Figure 2. Authenticity hole. Source: Sethi (1975) Another exploration is proposing the environmental change activity plan that can be utilized as a proactive administration of hazard that is related with the atmosphere and furthermore talking about the chances and effects. This investigation depends on five phases where the principal stage is manage the understanding impressions which means mapping the outflows and improving the announcing and precision. The subsequent advance is portraying the execution of appropriate measures to lessen these discharges. The following stage is managing the drawing in externalities which mean for example to create methane and shale improvement correspondence or partake during the time spent worldwide enactment and guidelines. The last stage is managing the structure limit which intends to concentrate on innovative work to shape an activity intend to consolidate the environmental change in business procedures (Mousa and Hassan, 2015) Calculated Model: The calculated model of this examination which is managing the issue of atmosphere changes fuse in the business policymaking procedure can be given the assistance of the accompanying graph unequivocally; Figure 3. Calculated model of the examination. In this exploration system, there are three free factors and one ward variable alongside a control variable. It has been viewed as that carbon revelation score is the needy variable, which is as per the CDP divulgence is reliant upon the coordination of environmental change in business, inner cost of carbon and future thought of hazard, making them the autonomous variable for this examination system. This exploration structure thinks about that size of the firm is one of the primary factors that control the carbon exposure score, this it will be considered as the control variable. Speculations: H0: There is no connection between the autonomous factors and ward factors. H1: Integration of environmental change in business, inner cost of carbon and future thought of hazard decidedly influences the Carbon divulgence score Intermediary Measures for Theoretical Constructs Table 1. Intermediary measures for hypothetical builds. Hypothetical Constructs Intermediary Measures Sort of Variable Sources Mix of environmental change in the business procedure Ostensible answer of Yes/No to Question from the CDP information. Autonomous Variable CDP review Interior cost of Carbon Quantifiable in currency($) Autonomous Variable Future contemplations of hazard Quantifiable utilizing past information correlations Autonomous Variable Deliberate Carbon Disclosure score Rate carbon exposure score. The estimation is identified with the organizations on carbon exposure sources referenced in CDP spreadsheet. Subordinate Variable CDP Survey Organization profile Organizations: Mining, Chemicals (prominent) Control Variable ASX organization segment categorisation. Enterprise Size (Low Profile) Market Capitalization Control Variable ASX of top 200 enterprises Research Methodology An example number of 180 partnerships including different divisions of ventures is contemplated in the examination. The significant segment of divisions utilized in CDP are prominent ventures and incorporates low profile businesses too. All these industry types are characterized under Global Industry Classification Standard. willful revelation have been discovered, in this examination the size is estimated as control variable (cv) estimated as far as the organizations showcase capitalization of specifics modern area, regresssion investigation is conveyed by utilizing auxiliary information Information Collection The example information was taken from the CDP overview 2015. The database had 1048 firms from various nations with different segments. Test determination for this examination venture was limited by the quantity of organizations with suitable information. Numerous organizations didn't address the CDP addresses which were the focal point of the exploration so the example size was more restricted than at first anticipated. The last example comprised of 56 organizations from various nations and different divisions. These organizations had a reaction to the distinguished research question. (Note that the class instructor endorsed the utilization of 56 organizations given the exploration question and CDP information). Receiving arbitrary examining, information was gathered from 28 Companies reacting YES and 28 Companies reacting NO. Information Analysis - Descriptive Illustrative information examination is being utilized in the exploration paper to investigate the information and correlation. Distinct information investigation is the best structure to break down and organize the aggregate information from the examples and graphical portrayal also. Mean, Median, Mode are utilized to quantify the focal inclination results to investigate their disparities from the information assortment. Range, kurtosis, skewness is utilized to box plot the focal propensity results. On the premise parameters, the exploration continues to clarify about the investigating of information by methods for even portrayal utilizing expressive examination. The two key research inquiries for clear information examination were the accompanying: Is environmental change is coordinated in the business system, and provided that this is true, how can it influence the carbon revelation score? Is environmental change not coordinated into the business procedure and assuming this is the case, how can it influence the carbon divulgence score? Table 1. Organizations where environmental change is coordinated in the business methodology Organizations reacting YES contrasted and revelation scores Mean 90.53571 Middle 94 Mode 100 Standard Deviation 13.2957 Test Variance 176.7765 Kurtosis 4.314874 Skewness - 2.17536 Range 50 Least 50 Greatest 100 Entirety of 2535 Tally 28 Table 2: Climate change isn't incorporated in the business methodology Organizations Responding NO contrasted and divulgence scores Mean 55.3571 Middle 63.5 Mode 0 Standard Deviation 34.3664 Test difference 1181.0529 Kurtosis - 1.1030 Skewness - 0.5509 Range 99 Least 0 Most extreme 99 Whole of 1550 Check 28 Measurement Sexually transmitted disease. Blunder indeed Mean 90.54 2.513 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 85.38 Upper Bound 95.69 5% Trimmed Mean 92.21 Middle 94.00 Difference 176.776 Sexually transmitted disease. Deviation 13.296 Least 50 Most extreme 100 Range 50 Interquartile Range 11 Skewness - 2.175 .441 Kurtosis 4.315 .858 No Mean 55.36 6.495 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 42.03 Upper Bound 68.68 5% Trimmed Mean 56.07 Middle 63.50 Difference 1181.053 Sexually transmitted disease. Deviation 34.366 Least 0 Most extreme 99 Range 99 Interquartile Range 57 Skewness - .551 .441 Kurtosis - 1.103 .858 The above spoke to graphic plain information rep

Looking for a Loan with No Credit Check Here Are the Pros and Cons

Looking for a Loan with No Credit Check Here Are the Pros and Cons Looking for a Loan with No Credit Check? Here Are the Pros and Cons Looking for a Loan with No Credit Check? Here Are the Pros and ConsIf youre going to apply for a no credit check loan, you need to consider all your options and understand exactly what youll be getting yourself into.If you take just a few minutes to check out the Financial Sense Blog (and you should, we work hard on it) you’ll see many articles about how you can improve your credit and why your credit is so important.And the main reason why your credit score is so important is that it allows you to get better rates on loans and credit cards. Unless you’re the kind of rich where you use Benjamins as napkins, you’re going to need to borrow money at some point. So what can you do if you need a personal loan, but you don’t have good credit?One option you might consider is a no credit check loan. Even though that might sound too good to be true, they do exist! But they come with a catch. Multiple catches, actually. Let’s get into it. Credit check check-inBefore we get into the d etails of no credit check loans, let’s just go over what a credit check is. On a basic level, when a potential lender performs a credit check on you, they’re looking to get a copy of your credit report, which contains information on how youve used credit in the past.You actually have three credit reports, one each from the three major credit reporting agencies: Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax. Information across the credit reports can vary, which means that your credit score can change depending on which report is used to calculate it. To request a free copy of your credit report, visit www.AnnualCreditReport.com.There are two kinds of credit checks:  hard credit checks and soft credit checks. Hard credit checks show up on your credit report temporarily and will negatively affect your credit score. Soft credit checks will not. So if you are considering a loan that requires a credit check, that’s one factor to take into account.Pro: they dont require a credit check.  The adva ntage of no credit check loans is right there in the name. You don’t have to undergo a credit check to get one, so you could qualify for one even if you can’t pass a credit check.As for the negatives … there are quite a few.Con: theyre more expensive.“Typically, when a loan calls for no credit check, it attracts individuals who might not have stellar credit histories,” explained CPA Riley Adams (@TheRiles89). “As a result, these loans can sometimes have higher hidden costs in the form of higher fees, interest rates, or onerous terms which make repaying the loan difficult.While advisable to avoid taking out such loans, the reality is a lot of people rely on low incomes, have little-to-no-savings, and havent been able to build a solid credit history to be attractive to the most advantageous lenders.Pro: theyre fast and easy.“A benefit of a no credit check loan is that quite often, said Adams, the application and work required to receive the money are fairly straightforwa rd and easy and the money is available the same day or next.However, as mentioned before, there are likely to be hidden costs in exchange for this easy access to cash in times of need.”Con: predatory lenders abound.Not only do no credit check loans appeal to those have negative credit histories, but they’re also marketed to those who may not always have the best financial knowledge.“The problem with these unconventional loans is they are typically marketed to people who are the least financially sophisticated and capable of understanding and evaluating the risks that they are taking with these loans,” warned bankruptcy attorney Bradley R. Bailyn.“Obviously this type of loan presents a higher risk for the lender which is going to translate into much higher interest and fees for the borrower. There are situations when someone who can afford the mortgage would take such a loan, but generally, it’s going to be people who are not qualified for this kind of financing and who a re going to end up losing the down payment which may constitute their entire life savings.”Con: they could trap you in a debt cycle.And it can be very hard to undo the damage done by taking on one of these no credit check loans.“Taking out a no credit check loan is putting yourself on the fast track to getting trapped in a debt cycle,” Leslie H. Tayne Esq. (@LeslieHTayneEsq), Founder and Head Attorney at Tayne Law Group (@taynelawgroup), told us.“Because of the extremely high interest rates, you may end up taking out another loan or paying to extend the length of your current loan. Both of these means you’re paying even more in interest and getting stuck in a vicious cycle that is incredibly difficult to break out of.”Consider all your options.So what are your options if you don’t have great credit but you’re worried about the dangers of no credit check loans?Here are some alternatives Tayne suggested:“Many smaller community banks and credit unions will offer small personal loans  to customers with poor credit. These will have capped interest rates, which will be much more reasonable than a no credit check loan.“Get a cosigner: Rather than opting for a no credit check loan, consider asking a friend or relative to be a cosigner on a personal loan. However, be sure you recognize the responsibility of having a cosigner. If you default on the loan, the cosigner is responsible for repaying the loan.“If money is very tight, consider negotiating some of your bills. You can talk to your landlord, cable provider, phone company, etc. about lowering your monthly payment or extending your due date. It’s very possible that they will say no, but you’ll never know if you don’t ask. And if they agree to it, it can provide you with some relief for the time being.“Turn to your emergency fund: Rather than taking out a loan, use your own money if possible. If the situation is truly a financial crisis, your emergency fund is there for a reason.“Impr ove your credit score: Working to improve your credit score will improve your overall financial health and help you get approved for a traditional personal loan, should you need one. The most effective way to improve your score is to make your payments on time and as completely as possible.”Should you check out a soft credit check loan?You could also look at different kinds of bad credit loans  and installment loans that may require a soft credit check or another way of verifying your ability to repay. The right bad credit lender will be better than payday loans, cash advances, and title loans, which should be considered an absolute last resort at best.“Other services also exist which can provide access to credit at better rates than say, ‘payday lenders,’ who can charge rates in excess of 400-500 percent in order to guarantee they recoup their money and receive a profit,” Adams confirmed. “These lenders are some of the worst you can deal with given their penchant to cha rge the highest costs on the least creditworthy borrowers. There is almost always a better choice if you look hard enough.”Having bad credit isn’t an easy situation. But if you aren’t careful about the kinds of loans you seek out, it can get even worse. To learn more about how you can improve your financial situation, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:A Beginner’s Guide to Budgeting8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackYour Guide to Escaping a Debt Trap10 Good Money Habits to Make Your Friends JealousDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsRiley Adams (@TheRiles89) is a licensed CPA in the state of Louisiana working as a Senior Financial Analyst for a Fortune 500 company in New Orleans. He has a personal finance blog dedicated to helping young professionals find financial independence at YoungAndTheInvested.com.Bradley R. B ailyn has a lifelong background in and passion for finding legal solutions to financial challenges for individuals and small businesses. His knowledge and skills are diverse by necessity, including lawsuit defense and asset protection strategies, structuring real estate transactions, modifying costly loans, mortgages and business contracts, fighting foreclosures and evictions, structuring commercial real estate leases, employment law compliance, government investigations, fines and penalties, due diligence in the MA process, and fighting bills for tax and utility arrears.Leslie H. Tayne, Esq.  (@LeslieHTayneEsq) has nearly 20 years’ experience in the practice area of consumer and business financial debt-related services. Leslie is the founder and head attorney at  Tayne Law Group  (@taynelawgroup), which specializes in debt relief.

Anti Islam Anti Oppressive Practice Essay - 1683 Words

GROUP WORK ASSIGNMENT ON: - ANTI-OPPRESSIVE PRACTICE Name – KOUSHIK MAHATO Enrolment No. - M2015CJ010 Course Teacher - Prof. BIPIN JOJO INTRODUCTION ‘Anti-Oppressive Practice’- is an umbrella term that encircles radical, structural, critical, feminist, liberal, anti-racist framework practice approaches. But it is not limited within those approaches. Anti-Oppressive social work is a practice represents the theories and approaches of social justice. Anti-Oppressive Practice (AOP) is reflecting deferent types of views and theories in a practice approach. According to Baines.D (2007, p.4) : ‘Rather than a single approach, aop is an umbrella term for a number of social justice-oriented approaches to social work, including feminist, Marxist, postmodernist, Indigenous, poststructuralist, critical constructionist, anti-colonial, and anti-racist. These approaches draw on social activism and collective organizing as well as a sense that social services can and should be provided in ways that integrate liberatory understandings of social problems and human behaviour. As part of larger movements for social change, aop is c onstantly refining its theory and practice to address new tensions and social problems as well as underlying structural factors.’ Other hand AOP is providing social justice in structural inequalities, social division, social status, and social power. The feminist social work thinker Dominelli, L. (1998,p.24) said that –â€Å"Show MoreRelatedThe Implications For Social Work2033 Words   |  9 Pagesdifference and also discuss the implications for social work practice. 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Similarities And Differences Between And The And The ...

Names are unique in the fact that they offer a large amount of insight into a person. Knowing someone’s name suggests a level of intimacy and provides the beginning clues to be able to delve into someone’s personality. Even though one’s name is chosen by someone else and ultimately predetermines their destiny, the owner of the name is still able to create their own identity; however, sometimes the name is associated with a certain fate, foreshadowing the fact that they have a prearranged destiny. For characters like Pilate and Hagar, their names correlate with Biblical figures therefore categorizing them and their personalities as a reflection of those Biblical figures. Guitar and Milkman are nicknames for the characters, and prompt differing reactions depending on the origin of the given name. Macon becomes affected by the lack of community involvement in regards to his name. As a whole, the entire Dead family suffers from the lack of ability to trace their heri tage. Throughout Song of Solomon, the names of the characters help to reveal a vast amount about their personalities, as well, as how their financial status creates the persona they are set to embody. Throughout history, names have been used as a form of identity and a way to trace family history, however slavery revoked this right from the Negro community. According to Liseli A. Fitzpatrick â€Å"names not only aid in the construction of identity, but also concretize a people’s collective memory by recording theShow MoreRelatedSummary Of 12 Years A Slave By Solomon Northup Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagesback to the South into slavery. 12 Years a Slave by Solomon Northup gives a recap of how his life, filled with joy and freedom one day, became a living nightmare the next. Northup, a self-taught, master violin player is fooled into traveling with â€Å"gentlemen† to share his talents for a small fortune. 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The reason that the East and West differ greatly in negotiatingRead MoreStill I Rise And 12 Years A Slave Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pagessame to you? Still I Rise and 12 Years a Slave have similar issues regarding race, differences, and identity, but their positions and how the texts are represented vary in many ways. Issues with race is an obvious factor in both Still I Rise and 12 Years a Slave, It effects most characters in the film, and has a great impact on the author of Still I Rise, Maya Angelou. During the film, the main character Solomon is a free man take from his life, and sold into slavery as if he was never free. HeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 12 Years A Slave 1752 Words   |  8 Pagesessential similarities amongst the background and main ideas. Some core events that remain comparable include Solomon Northup having a family, him getting kidnapped into slavery, and eventually his return to his family. These events are crucial to remaining similar because the movie is based off of the book as a true story. If the central ideas and events contrasted greatly from the book, the movie would pivotally change the fundamental matter and effects of the book. Despite the major similarities amongstRead MoreThe Reason Why Israel Wanted A King857 Words   |  4 Pagesthe nation of Israel desi red to have a king for many reasons. Ultimately, Saul was chosen and rejected, and was succeeded by David, who became a better king than Saul. Unfortunately, after David’s death, Israel was divided due to a sin committed by Solomon. Let’s begin by looking at why Israel desired a king. The main reason why Israel wanted a king was to be â€Å"like all the other nations† (Hindson and Yates 2012). â€Å"Then all the elders of Israel gathered together and came to Samuel at Ramah and saidRead MoreWhat Are Some of the Notable Differences Between Classical and Contemporary Theories of Social Justice? What Are Some Notable Similarities?1252 Words   |  6 PagesThe notable differences between classical and contemporary theories of social justice are the way the issue is explored. Differences also occur in the emphasis placed on different aspects of social justice and how to achieve it. The notable similarities seem to be that there is a need for social justice and that to achieve social justice many changes need to occur. Another similarity is the debate that social justice is not an easily achievable outcome. In classical theories about social justiceRead MoreComparison Between Aristotle And Kant1388 Words   |  6 PagesAnuradha Singh Ethics Fall 2014 Comparison between Aristotle and Kant Many philosophers through history have dealt with happiness, pleasure, justice, and virtues. In this essay there will given facts on virtues between two philosophers who have different views on the topic. Aristotle and Kant have two totally different views on virtue, one being based on the soul and how you character depicts you virtue and the other which is based of the fact that anyone has a chance of being morally good, even

Chapter Three Doc Free Essays

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3. 0 INTRODUTION This chapter deals with research method. The research methodology applied for the purposes of this study covered areas like research design, population of study, sampling technique, data collection method, data analysis method and limitations. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter Three Doc or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is therefore a plan for a research work, which aims at providing guidelines, which the research work is being conducted. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. A survey research design seeks to obtain information that describes existing phenomenon by asking individuals about their perceptions, attitudes and values (Mugenda and Mugenda, 2003). Descriptive survey research design is the systematic collection of data in standardized form from an identifiable population or representative (Oso and Onen, 2009). This design was adopted for this study because it intensively described and analyzed the role of employee welfare services on productivity of the employees of the case company. The method of questionnaire and interview are used in data collection. Data are presented in tables and a descriptive method is adopted in analysis. 3. 2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), target population is the members of a real or hypothetical set of people, events or objects the researcher wishes to generalize the results of the research. The study targeted a population of about 400 comprising of clerical staff, officers, senior officers, middle-level managers, and top level managers that constitute the workforce of Leadway Assurance Limited. 3. 3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND SAMPLING SIZE The method of sampling used is proportional stratified random sampling. Firstly the whole population of employees is divided into departments, and a specific number of employees from each department were selected for the survey. The sample size of 100 employees was draw from the population. Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) observe that 30% of the target population is a good representation of the study. 4. 4 DATA COLLECTION METHOD The data for this study will be collected through the administration of structured questionnaires to a sample of employees selected from the head office. One hundred copies of the questionnaires were administered randomly to on the sampled employees. Eighty five (85) copies of the questionnaires were duly completed and returned which formed the basis of the analysis, while 15 of the questionnaires were considered as non-returns. The questions were tailored along a four point likert scale. The responses were coded and mapped into numeric values; the following mapping exists; strongly agree = 4 point, Agree = 3 points, Disagreed = 2 points, Strongly disagree =1 point (Azika,1991). 3. 5 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD The study adopted descriptive statistics in its analysis. Descriptive statistics according to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) includes the statistical procedures that produce indices that summarize data and describes the sample. Presentation of data was done by the use of charts and tables. The data collected was analysed using pie charts, tables and percentages. Due to the volume of the data involved Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used employed to perform the statistical analysis. REFERENCES Madumere S. C (2012) A Guide to Research Methodology Vitaman publishers Lagos Mugenda, O. M. Mugenda, A. G. (2003), Research Methods; Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press. Oyaide, W. G. , 1977. The Role of Direct Foreign Investment: A case study of Nigeria, 1963-1973. United Press of America, Washington D. C. Root, F. R. , 1984. International Trade and Investment. 5th Edn. South Western Publication Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. Serven, L. and A. Salimano, 1992. Private investment and macroeconomic adjustment: A Survey. World Bankobserver, 7(1). Tadaro, M. P. , 1999. Economic Development. 7th Edn. , Addison Webley Longman Inc. Reading Massachusetts. Voivodas, C. S. , 1973. Exports, foreign capital and economic growth. J. Int. Econ. , 3(1). How to cite Chapter Three Doc, Papers

John Mayer - free essay sample

Live albums normally do not appeal to the public because the quality of the artists voice is often weak and unfamiliar. The voice that everyone is used to disappears and places doubts as to the singers talent. â€Å"Where the Light Is: John Mayer Live in Los Angeles† is an exception. This album contains the soulful voice listeners know. Mayers singing is flawless and the only thing that identifies it as a live recording are the thousands of screaming fans in the background. It is truly one of the best live albums recently released. â€Å"Where the Light Is† consists of a mix of popular hits from Mayers albums â€Å"Room for Squares,† â€Å"Heavier Things,† and â€Å"Continuum,† as well as new versions of classic hits such as Tom Pettys â€Å"Free-fallin.† The songs show a variety of moods. Mayer is known for his mellow songwriting, but after every technical, fast-paced song, he follows with a calm and relaxing ballad. We will write a custom essay sample on John Mayer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The two-disc album starts off with the 2001 hit â€Å"Neon.† A brief introduction gives the track a unique flavor and a personal connection with the listener. Since this is a live recording, there are unique solos and times when Mayer speaks to the audience; these make this CD special and different from a studio album. Mayer possesses huge talent in his ability to write down-to-earth lyrics, create intense melodies on guitar, and sing with a voice that has enough soul to last a lifetime. His 10-minute rendition of â€Å"Out of My Mind† clearly shows his talents. Listeners can feel the emotion and power in the performance. There are so many feelings produced by Mayers music that it cannot be pigeonholed into one genre. Usually artists get their inspiration for an album from an event in their life. Since this is a combination of albums, Mayer sings about different themes and creates a timeline of how he has grown from his first album to his third.

Facts on the Russo-Japanese War

Facts on the Russo-Japanese War The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 pitted expansionist Russia against up-and-coming Japan. Russia sought warm-water ports and control of Manchuria, while Japan opposed them. Japan emerged as a naval power and Admiral Togo Heihachiro achieved international fame. Russia lost two of its three naval fleets. Snapshot of the Russo-Japanese War: When: February 8, 1904, to September 5, 1905Where: The Yellow Sea, Manchuria, the Korean PeninsulaWho: The Russian Empire, ruled by Tsar Nicholas II, versus the Japanese Empire, ruled by the Meiji Emperor Total Troop Deployment: Russia - approx. 2,000,000Japan - 400,000 Who won the Russo-Japanese War? Amazingly, the Japanese Empire defeated the Russian Empire, thanks mostly to superior naval strength and tactics. It was a negotiated peace, rather than a complete or crushing victory, but hugely important for Japans rising status in the world. Total Deaths: In battle - Russian, approx. 38,000; Japanese, 58,257.From disease - Russian, 18,830; Japanese, 21,802. (Source: Patrick W. Kelley, Military Preventive Medicine: Mobilization and Deployment, 2004) Major Events and Turning Points: Battle of Port Arthur, Feb. 8 - 9, 1904: This opening battle was fought by Japanese Admiral Togo Heihachiro against Russian Vice Admiral  Oskar Victorovich Stark in a surprise night attack by the Japanese. While the battle was largely inconclusive, it resulted in a formal declaration of war between Russia and Japan on the day after the battle.Battle of Yalu River, April 30 - May 1, 1904Siege of Port Arthur, July 30 - January 2, 1905Battle of the Yellow Sea, August 10, 1904Battle of Sandepu, January 25 - 29, 1905Battle of Mukden, February 20 - March 10, 1905Battle of Tsushima, May 27 -28, 1905: Admiral Togo destroyed a fleet of Russian ships, ambushing them on their way through the Tsushima Strait on their way to Vladivostok. After this victory, Russias prestige was damaged and they sued for peace.Treaty of Portsmouth, September 5, 1905, formally ended the Russo-Japanese. Signed at Portsmouth, Maine, USA. Theodore Roosevelt earned the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the treaty. Significance of the Russo-Japanese War The Russo-Japanese War held great international significance, as it was the first all-out war of the modern era in which a non-European power defeated one of Europes great powers. As a result, the Russian Empire and Tsar Nicholas II lost considerable prestige, along with two of their three naval fleets. Popular outrage in Russia at the outcome helped lead to the Russian Revolution of 1905, a wave of unrest that lasted more than two years but did not manage to topple the tsars government. For the Japanese Empire, of course, victory in the Russo-Japanese War cemented its place as an up-and-coming great power, particularly since it came on the heels of Japans victory in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95. Nonetheless, public opinion in Japan was none too favorable. The Treaty of Portsmouth did not grant Japan either the territory or the monetary reparations that the Japanese people expected after their significant investment of energy and blood in the war.

Biography of Albert Fish, Notorious Child Serial Killer

Biography of Albert Fish, Notorious Child Serial Killer Hamilton Howard Albert Fish (May 19, 1870 - January 16, 1936) is known for being one of the vilest pedophiles, child serial killers, and cannibals of all time. After his capture he admitted to molesting over 400 children and tortured and killed several others, however, it was not known if his statement was truthful. He was also known as the Gray Man, the Werewolf of Wysteria, the Brooklyn Vampire, the Moon Maniac, and The Boogey Man. Fish was a small, gentle-looking man who appeared kind and trusting, yet once alone with his victims, the monster inside him was unleashed; a monster so perverse and cruel, his crimes seem unbelievable. He was eventually executed and according to rumors, he turned his own execution into a fantasy of pleasure. Long Roots of Insanity Albert Fish was born on May 19, 1870, in Washington D.C., to Randall and Ellen Fish. Fishs  family had a long history of mental illness. His uncle was diagnosed with mania. He had a brother that was sent to a state mental institution and his sister was diagnosed with a mental affliction. Ellen Fish had visual hallucinations. Three other relatives were diagnosed with mental illness. His parents abandoned him at a young age and he was sent to an orphanage. The orphanage was, in Fishs memory, a place of brutality where he was exposed to regular beatings and sadistic acts of brutality. It was said that he began to look forward to the abuse because it brought him pleasure. When asked about the orphanage, Fish remarked, I was there til I was nearly nine, and thats where I got started wrong. We were unmercifully whipped. I saw boys doing many things they should not have done. By 1880, Ellen Fish, now a widow, had a government job and was able to remove Fish, at the age of 12, from the orphanage. He had very little formal education and grew up learning to work more with his hands than his brains. It was not long after Fish returned to live with his mother that he began a relationship with another boy who introduced him to drinking urine and eating feces. Albert Fishs Crimes Against Children Begin According to Fish, in 1890 he relocated to New York City and began his crimes against children. He made money working as a prostitute and began to molest boys.  He would lure children away from their homes, torture them in various ways, including his favorite, the use of a paddle laced with sharp nails, then rape them. As time went on, the sexual fantasies he would act out on the children grew more fiendish and bizarre, and often ended in murdering and cannibalizing his young victims. Father of Six In 1898 he married and later fathered six children. The children led average lives up until 1917 after Fishs wife ran off with another man. It was at that time the children recall Fish occasionally asking them to participate in his sadomasochistic games. One game included the nail-filled paddle Fish used on his victims. He would ask the children to paddle him with the weapon until blood ran down his legs. He also found enjoyment from pushing needles deep into his skin. After his marriage ended, Fish spent time writing to women listed in the personal columns of newspapers. In his letters, he would go into graphic detail of sexual acts he would like to share with the women. The descriptions of these acts were so vile and disgusting that they were never made public even though they were submitted as evidence in court. According to Fish, no women ever responded to his letters asking them, not for their hand in marriage, but for their hand in administering pain. Across State Lines Fish developed his skill for house painting and often worked in different states across the country. Some believe he selected states largely populated with African Americans. It was his belief that the police would spend less time searching for the killer of African American children than a prominent Caucasian child. Thus, several of his victims were black children selected to endure his torture using his own labeled instruments of hell which included the paddle, meat cleaver, and knives. Polite Mr. Frank Howard In 1928, Fish answered an ad by 18-year-old Edward Budd who was looking for part-time work to help out with the family finances. Albert Fish, who introduced himself as Mr. Frank Howard, met with Edward and his family to discuss Edwards future position. Fish told the family that he was a Long Island farmer looking to pay a strong young worker $15 a week. The job seemed ideal and the Budd family, excited about Edwards luck in finding the job, instantly trusted the gentle and polite Mr. Howard. Fish told the Budd family that he would return the following week to take Edward and a friend of Edwards out to his farm to begin working. The following week Fish failed to show on the day promised, but did send a telegram apologizing and set a new date to meet with the boys. When Fish arrived on June 4, as promised, he came bearing gifts for all the Budd children and visited with the family over lunch. To the Budds, Mr. Howard seemed like a typical loving grandfather. After lunch, Fish explained to the family that he had to attend a childrens birthday party at his sisters home and would return later to pick up Eddie and his friend to take to the farm. He then suggested that the Budds allow him to bring their oldest daughter, ten-year-old Grace along to the party. The unsuspecting parents agreed and dressed her in her Sunday best, Grace, excited about going to a party, left her house for the very last time. Grace Budd was never seen alive again. Six Year Investigation The investigation into the disappearance of Grace Budd went on for six years before detectives received any substantial break in the case. Then on November 11, 1934, Mrs. Budd received an anonymous letter which gave grotesque details of the murder and cannibalism of her precious daughter, Grace. The writer tortured Mrs. Budd with details about the empty house her daughter was taken to in Worcester, New York. How she was then stripped of her clothing, strangled and cut into pieces and eaten. As if to add some solace to Mrs. Budd, the writer was emphatic about the fact that Grace had not been sexually assaulted at any time. By tracing the paper the letter to Mrs. Budd was written on, the police were eventually led to a flophouse where Albert Fish was living. Fish was arrested and immediately began confessing to killing Grace Budd and several hundred other children. Fish, smiling as he described the grisly details of the tortures and murders, appeared to the detectives as the devil himself. Albert Fishs Insanity Plea On March 11, 1935, Fishs trial began and he plead innocent by the reason of insanity. He said there were voices in his head telling him to kill children that made him do such horrendous crimes. Despite the numerous psychiatrists who described Fish as insane, the jury found him sane and guilty after a short 10-day trial. He was sentenced to die by electrocution. On January 16, 1936, Albert Fish was electrocuted at Sing Sing prison, reportedly a process Fish looked upon as the ultimate sexual thrill but later dismissed as just rumor. Source Deranged: The Shocking True Story of Americas Most Fiendish Killer!, Harold Schechter

Armenian Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Armenian - Research Proposal Example These include the United States, France, Argentina, and the Levant among others. On estimate there are roughly 8 to 10 million Armenians around the world today. On the international scale, â€Å"Armenian† has come to be the primary identifier of this group and was first put into use by its neighboring countries. However, according to census information released by the National Statistical Service of Armenia (2001), Armenians call themselves Hay, in testament to Haik, the mythic founder of the Armanian nation. The Armenians as a group have shown remarkable tenacity in the face of tremendous adversity. One of the more tragic events to grace the pages of world history during the latter part of the 19th and the early 20th century was the ethnic cleansing of the Armenian people which commenced while the Ottoman Empire was in its waning years. Widely considered as a systematic genocide, According to Bournoutian (1994) †it claimed an estimated 1.5 Armenian lives starting with an incessant wave of persecution in 1894-1896 that culminated in the events of the Armenian Genocide in 1915-1916.†( p. 81) With World War I underway, the Ottoman Turks unjustly accused the mostly Christian Armenians of conspiring with Imperial Russia, and used this as justification for making the Armenians official enemies of the empire. In contemporary times Turkish governments have consistently denied involvement in the genocide, alluding this to purely wartime collateral damage. In terms of worldwide distribution the Armenian diaspora has been in existence for centuries, with communities existing outside the country for centuries. According to TheHolyLand.org (1997) â€Å" an Armenian community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the old walled city of Jerusalem had been called the Armenian Quarter† (n.p.) There are

Counseling and Methadone in Treatment of Substance Abuse Essay

Counseling and Methadone in Treatment of Substance Abuse - Essay Example Substance abuse, including tobacco use and nicotine addiction, is associated with a wide range of serious health and social problems. Recent epidemiological evidence demonstrates that 72 conditions requiring inpatient treatment are wholly or partially attributable to substance abuse. Consequently, the estimated annual cost for health care, law enforcement, motor vehicle crashes, crime, and lost productivity due to substance abuse is nearly 1 thousand dollars for every American citizen, including children (Austin, 2005). Such disturbing situation with substance abuse can not but appeal for immediate and effective actions from the government and local authorities. Although the problem is not new, the search for the most effective methods of coping with substance abuse is far from being over. Many different prevention and treatment options have been proposed up to date, but none of them can be addressed as the most effective. Partially this is due to the fact that substance abuse is a condition with extremely complex and often controversial etiology; partially due to lack of serious scientific research exploring specific mechanisms of recovery. The increasing use of psychotherapeutic interventions in both prevention and treatment of substance abuse suggests that modern researchers and practitioners are taking efforts to deal with the problem more effectively than before. This paper provides an overview of the most widely used type of interventions in treatment of substance abuse, namely psychological counseling. Counseling Despite the long history of use a lot of issues related to psychological counseling in treatment of substance abuse still remain poorly explored or unknown. There is one major reason for such situation listed in the substance abuse literature: counseling research projects have often been denied funding due to inability of the researchers to convince the funding authorities that their research standards for scientific investigation meet the conventional standards. Unfortunately, specifics of psychological research makes this task extremely complex: even the most fundamental traditional standard of experimental investigation, the double-blind method, is a "virtual impossibility in comparative psychotherapy research" (Onken & Blaine, 1990: 1). Instead, most of the research in the field has focused on medication treatments for substance abuse even despite the fact though non-pharmacological interventions (such as psychotherapy) are used more frequently, either alone or in combination wit h other methods of treatment (Carroll, 1998). However, the lack of funding have not prevented the researchers and practitioners from designing a number of psychological and psychosocial intervention strategies for treatment of substance abuse. Although the philosophies underlying various kinds of treatment are vastly different, almost all of them include, in some or other form, psychological counseling that has been used in substance abuse recovery and prevention programs since long ago. Thus, already in the early 1980s individual psychotherapy or psychological counseling were available in a stunning 99 % of the drug-free, methadone-maintenance, and multiple-modality drug abuse treatment units and almost 97 percent of the detoxification units in this United States (National Drug and

The Media Influence on Public Perceptions of Crime

The Media Influence on Public Perceptions of Crime Introduction The publics knowledge of crime is primarily derived from its depiction in the media. The media affects the publics opinion of crime and punishment, and its perception of the police. If the media is responsible for the headlines, the conclusion is that it influences the publics attitude regarding crime incidents. (Muraskin and Domash 2007). Crime stories are covered extensively by the print-based media seemingly because they help to sell newspapers. Stories are often sensationalised with the intent to make attention-grabbing headlines that do not always represent the true facts; but do these articles play a part in needlessly fuelling the publics fear of crime? This dissertation will attempt to answer this question by conducting primary research in the suburban village of Stannington in Sheffield. Aims/Objectives/Hypothesis The objective of this research is to analyse the relationship between crime and the media, more specifically fear of crime levels and print-based media articles. Due to the geographic location in which the research will be conducted, two specific crime types have been chosen; personal crimes such as burglary and theft and community-based crimes such as vandalism and anti-social behaviour. These crime types were chosen as a result of the suburban area in which the study will be conducted. These crimes are those which are more likely to be of a concern to the respondents of the study and are therefore more suitable for this particular piece of research if I wish to collect an accurate data set. More serious crimes like rape, murder and assault are less likely to occur on a private, middle class housing estate and thus these crime types would probably not be a major concern to residents living in the area. Prior to conducting any research; the hypothesis chosen which predicts the outcom e of the research is that respondents who are female and who read print-based media more frequently will have an increased fear of crime in comparison to males who dont read print-based media articles. Literature Review Fear of crime Garofalo (1981:840) defined fear of crime as an emotional reaction characterized by a sense of danger and anxiety produced by the threat of physical harm elicited by perceived cues in the environment that relate to some aspect of crime. The definition of fear of crime can vary depending on the individual and their own personal experiences of crime; and this is in fact similar to how people have differing levels of fear. An individuals level of fear could be influenced by several factors. Personal experience of crime is one of many factors which can significantly increase the level of fear which a person has, with the fear of repeat victimisation a key issue in this. Balkin (1979) and Hough (1985) argue that a commonly accepted belief is that people who have been victimised, particularly in their neighbourhood, or who know others who have been similarly victimised, will tend to be more afraid. Similarly, a report published by the Beth Johnson foundation in 2006 looked at the fear of c rime in people over the age of 50. It found that several respondents who had been mugged and/or burgled had a particularly high level of fear of crime as a result of their previous experiences. This publication shows many interesting opinions of the elderly, however it does not take into account the opinions of a larger demographic of people with varying ages. As a result it allows an opportunity to conduct research on a broader scale to investigate fear of crime from people of all ages. Jewkes (2010:155) acknowledges that victims of crime will probably become more fearful about the likelihood of future victimization as a result of their experiences, however many more individuals will experience fear as a result of indirect contact with crime. Fear of crime has become a major social problem and although some of this fear can be accounted for by the actual amount of criminal activity, particularly in the neighbourhood (Kinsey et al.1986). People may come to be fearful of criminal victimisation because they perceive their immediate environment to be threatening, thus noisy neighbours, teenagers hanging around street corners and flats with broken windows may all signify to some individuals that their neighbourhood is threatening (Baumer 1985; Hunter and Baumer 1982), however much of it is caused by other subjective/perceptual and social structural factors. A substantial amount of research has already identified several factors which appear to make a contribution to fear. Box, Hale and Andrews (1988: 341) classify these under the following headings: vulnerability, environmental clues and conditions, personal knowledge of crime and victimisation, confidence in the police and criminal justice systems, perceptions of personal ris k, and seriousness of various offences. The research for this piece of work will be carried out by households in close proximity to each other; consequently the environmental conditions should be very similar for each respondent. However other factors, in particular vulnerably; personal knowledge of crime; and confidence in the police and criminal justice system should be different for every respondent. As a result, the findings of the research should be particularly diverse. In terms of fear of crime, the British Crime Survey offers an in depth insight into the British publics perception of crime, in comparison to actual crime statistics. The BCS is a face-to-face victimisation survey in which people inhabiting households in England and Wales are asked about their experiences of crime in the 12 months prior to interview. The 2009/10 BCS shows that a large proportion of people (sixty six per cent) believe crime has risen across the country as a whole in the last few years. There has been a large majority of respondents who think crime has risen at a national level since the questions were first included in 1996. Statistics provided by the Home Office (2010) show an actual decrease in a large number of crimes between 2002 and 2010. The total of sexual offences, robbery, burglary, fraud, drug offences, and the total of all recorded crime have decreased every year for the past 8 years. These figures would suggest that the publics fear of crime is unjust base d on the number of crimes which have fallen throughout Britain in recent years. It would appear that the publics perception of these high crime levels is influenced by more than just official statistics released by the Home Office, the most obvious contributor to this fear of crime being the media. Fear of crime and the media It is often argued that the media exaggerate the extent of crime in Britain. This includes newspapers, news and entertainment on television and radio, as well as crime fiction (Greer,2005). These exaggerations of crime stories which are in the public eye daily can have a substantial impact upon the publics perception of crime, but more significantly their fear of it. As previously mentioned, personal experiences of crime can often result in victims becoming increasingly fearful of being victimised; while accounts of crime from family, friends and neighbours may also have this effect. However as previous research has discovered; the most influential source to fuel fear of crime is usually the media. As Jewkes (2010) states numerous writers have examined the proposition that the media present crime stories (both factual and fictional) in ways which selectively distort and manipulate public perceptions, creating a false picture of crime which promotes stereotyping, bias, prejudice and g ross oversimplification of the facts. Their conclusion is that it is not just official statistics that misrepresent the picture of crime, but that the media are also guilty of manipulation and fuelling public fears. Roberts and Doob (1986) and Surette (1998) reaffirm this view of crime and the media in their analysis of how influential the media can be. The publics perception of victims, criminals, deviants, and law enforcement officials is largely determined by their portrayal in the mass media. Research indicates that the majority of public knowledge about crime and justice is derived from the media. Western society is fascinated with crime and justice. From films, books, newspapers, magazines, television broadcasts, to everyday conversations, we are constantly engaging in crime talk. In this sense; the mass media play an important role in the construction of criminality and the criminal justice system. Research conducted by Ditton and Duffy (1983) came to a similar conclusion to Jewkes in regards to coverage of crime stories in the media after their analysis of three Scottish newspapers. An analysis of the crime content of the newspapers (in terms of the numbers and page areas of crime reports) was completed and found that six per cent of the news involved crime, with forty five per cent of this being violent or sexual crime. This figure was then compared with actual police statistics which showed just two per cent of crime in the locality to be of a violent and/or sexual nature (Williams and Dickinson 1993:35). As a result of their findings, Ditton and Duffy came to the conclusion that this research exemplifies the level of sensationalism and exaggeration of crime stories which appear throughout print-based media. Consequently, they called for further research to be conducted to determine whether the misrepresentations of crime in newspapers influence the general perceptions of re aders. Despite a large percentage of violent or sexual crimes covered in the newspapers, it is arguable as to weather a percentage of just six out of the total of all articles in them is substantial enough to conclude that print-based media exaggerate and sensationalise as Ditton and Duffy suggested. This research took significant steps to examine the content of crime stories in print-based media and be regarded as a successful study, however it was conducted almost thirty years ago which means in terms of quantity and coverage of crime stories in modern Britain, it is somewhat outdated. In addition; the research fails to determine any links between media coverage and fear of crime, so with this in mind, the study which will be conducted for this piece of work primarily aims to investigate if there is any sort of correlation between print-based media and fear of crime in an attempt to come to a conclusion which Ditton and Duffy were unable to achieve. When the discussion takes place surrounding how influential the media can be on crime levels and fear of crime; the theory of moral panics often surfaces. This model made famous by Stanley Cohen in the 1970s with the publication of Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The creation of Mods and Rockers refers to public and political reactions to minority or marginalized individuals and groups who appear to be some kind of threat to consensual values and interests. (Jewkes 2010:74) By labelling certain groups as deviant; missing out key facts and extensively covering crime stories; the creation of moral panics by the British press has becoming arguably one of the more damaging aspects of crime coverage, causing unnecessary for fear and apprehension amongst the public. These fears when compared to actual crime statistics do appear to be uncalled for, but figures from the British Crime Survey suggest that they are still present in the minds of newspaper readings. The British Crime Survey has been conducted by the Home Office since its introduction in 1982 and from 2001 it has run continuously each year. The survey of around forty thousand adults is conducted to gain an insight into public attitudes to crime as well as other criminal justice issues, with the findings often used to assist the Government in their policy formations (Home Office 2010). The 2003 edition of the BCS was the first to ask respondents directly about their newspaper reading habits. The results showed that attitudes to crime are very much influenced by newspaper reports. Forty three per cent of tabloid readers believed that crime has increased a lot with seventeen per cent also claiming to be very worried by the threat of physical attacks (Guardian 2003). These findings are based on a very large scale with the respondents geographically located across most parts of Britain. They offer an accurate representation of the populations fear of crime and how this is influenced b y newspapers articles, however due to its large scale, a more appropriate approach to use in order to get a localised view on crime would be a study of households in one particular part of a city. This method then allows the researcher to investigate if the immediate area in which the respondent resides is influential in their levels of fear. Several other pieces of research have been carried out to understand fear of crime in both the elderly and in women respectively. A recent Age Concern reported entitled The Fear Factor: Older people and Fear of Street crime reported that forty seven per cent of those over 75 years of age and thirty seven per cent of those over fifty no longer take part in social and community activities after dark because of fear of street crime (Help the Aged 2006). Similarly an article in the Independent (2005) entitled Women and Crime: Fear in Suburbia goes into depth about the fear which single women have about being attacked in their own homes. In this article many women interviewed agreed that the media has a role to play in increasing womens fears despite official Home Office statistics suggesting total recorded crime is down by six per cent year-on-year (Independent 2005). Both pieces of research gain insight into two separate groups of society with valid and reliable data collection, however they fail to make comparisons of fear of crime levels with other groups of people. By conducting research from both men and women of varying ages, this allows for more in depth analysis, where comparisons and correlations can be made between all respondents to determine if age and/or sex are an influential factor in fear of crime levels. There has been extensive criticism of the empirical and theoretical validity of the claims that media images cultivate a misleading view of the world of crime (Howitt 1998; Ditton et al. 2004); and according to several critics, there is still not enough sufficient evidence to suggest that exposure to the media as well as other variables such as class, gender, race, place of residence and actual experience of crime can and do effect an individuals fear of becoming a victim of crime (Reiner 2006). Despite these criticisms; the research carried out for this piece of work will attempt to gather enough evidence to show that the media along with other variables does in fact influence fear of crime. Methodology The data collection method which will be used for this research is a cross-sectional questionnaire consisting of both qualitative and quantitative questions. The questionnaire will be given to twenty four randomly selected respondents living on a housing estate in the semi-rural village of Stannington, in Sheffield. At the last census (2001), the population for Stannington village was listed as 16,600 (www.stannington.org.uk). This number is far too large as it would require a significant amount of questionnaires to be produced which is unrealistic given the resources and time-frame available; therefore a combination of both cluster and systematic sampling will be used to select certain roads and houses within a small geographical location. Kalsbeek (1998) defines cluster sampling as: sampling in which sampling units (that is, households) at some point in the selection process are collections, or clusters, of population elements. For the primary sample group; eight roads on the housi ng estate will be selected as part of the cluster sampling process, then house numbers two; five and eight are to be chosen systematically. This approach eliminates any potential bias, allowing the validity of the research to be increased. Similarly; for the secondary sample group, four roads will be selected with house numbers one and ten chosen to receive the questionnaire if not all twenty four primary respondents decide to complete the questionnaire. In order to be courteous when addressing the respondents, the electoral register will be accessed at the Sheffield Town Hall to gather the names of those chosen to participate in the study. Doing this should allow for the respondents to be contacted formally whilst making it more manageable to record which households responded and those who declined. When the collection of data from the primary sample group commences, personal introductions will be made informing the randomly selected respondents what the research study is for and how they have been chosen. If the respondents then decide to take part in the study they will be given the questionnaire along with a cover sheet, outlining the instructions on how to complete the questionnaire and a brief letter explaining the purpose of the study. If the there is no one in at the chosen addresses; the questionnaire will be posted to the respondents and will be collected a week from that date. The decision to utilise a cross-sectional questionnaire was made because this method allows data to be collected relatively quickly and at a single point in time. These characteristic of data collection are very much suited for this type of research study due to the time and transport limitations which apply. A questionnaire is preferable over other designs such as a longitudinal survey or case study as it lends itself well to quantifiable data, allowing for variations to be established which may appear throughout the different variables. According to Bryman (2008:45) cross sectional studies are very effective in terms of replicability because the researcher can spell out procedures for selecting respondents, designing measures of concepts; administrating research instruments and analysing data. When the questionnaires have been collected from all respondents and the required amount of data has been gathered; it will then be analysed using the data analysis software SPSS. This software allows complex data to be interpreted very easily through the use of bivariate and multivariate crosstabulations as well as frequency tables. This data can then be used to create graphs which allow for patterns of correlation to be identified. SPSS was elected due to its capability to eliminate any issues regarding inter-coder reliability. It also lends itself well to quantitative closed-ended question data (which I intend to collect) because this form of data requires very little coding and can therefore be inputted into the programme with ease. Data Analysis Following the collection of twenty four questionnaire responses; the data was inputted into the SPSS software and the variable values were coded. After compiling frequency tables and crosstabulations it appears that the research has identified some interesting findings, which do not necessarily agree with the original hypothesis stated at the beginning of the study. Table 1 (below) shows how participants responded to the question Do newspapers influence your fear of crime? It appears that only 37.5% of people felt that their fear of being a victim of crime was influenced by newspapers. 50% stated that they werent influenced which is reasonably more than those that answered yes to the question; however it is not significantly high enough to suggest a majority because there were 3 respondents (12.5%) who were undecided. (Table 1) Do newspapers influence your fear of crime? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 9 37.5 37.5 37.5 No 12 50.0 50.0 87.5 Dont know 3 12.5 12.5 100.0 Total 24 100.0 100.0 When the variable of gender is factored into the same question, it appears that men are more influenced by print-based media than women. A crosstabulation of the two variables shows that 6 males in comparison to just 3 females stated that their fear was influenced by newspapers. This figure at first appears to be a surprise when compared to the Independent (2005) article (referred to earlier); which stated that the media has a role to play in increasing fear of crime levels amongst women. However when a crosstabulation was formed which analysed the gender and how often do you read national newspapers? variables; it appears that the male respondents in the study read newspapers more regularly than the females. Table 2 (below) shows that half (6) of all male respondents read a national newspaper once a week in comparison to only 2 female respondents. It also illustrates that all of the male respondents read a newspaper at least once a month in comparison to 5 females who stated that th ey never read a newspaper. (Table 2) How often do you read national newspapers? * Are you male or female? Crosstabulation Are you male or female? Total Male Female How often do you read national newspapers? Every day 2 3 5 Several times a week 2 1 3 Once a week 6 2 8 Once a fortnight 2 0 2 Once a month 0 1 1 Never 0 5 5 Total 12 12 24 With this in mind; the statistics appear to suggest that those who are subject to newspaper articles more frequently appear to be influenced by them more in terms of fear of crime. Lichtenstein et al (1978: 575) state Fear sells. Past research by Ditton and Duffy (1983) amongst others, primarily focused upon newspaper content analysis. Some evidence was found to suggest that certain crime types; in particular violent or sexual crimes appeared continuously throughout newspapers articles. This research along with several other studies has collectively suggested that sensationalism of crime stories does occur in order to sell more copies. The questionnaire given to respondents asked them Do you think newspapers sensationalise crime stories? The pie chart above shows the overwhelming majority (91.7%) of participants felt that sensationalism does occur in British newspapers. This figure is particularly high considering that 5 out of the 24 respondents stated that they didnt read newspapers. In this case the assumption could be made that those who dont read newspapers would not be fully aware of the extent to which sensationalism appears to occur. However this statis tic confirms that this is irrelevant. In a similar manner, many newspapers (and the media in general) have been accused of creating moral panics. These accusations have especially

Devise a Marketing Strategy to present to the Marketing Director Essay

In this case study, I have been given a number of roles and my task is to consider and provide appropriate answers in the relevant business context where you apply learning from my course of study so far and my own work experiences. Question 1 I am the supervisor in the marketing department and I believe that there is scope for gaining more sales in the standardised sector of the market because of quality differences between my product and those of larger competitors. Devise a Marketing Strategy to present to the Marketing Director designed to achieve this objective Corporate Objectives The Furniture Company, based in a small town in Lancashire, develops, manufactures and markets quality furniture. The firm has a very good reputation throughout the entire region for all its products. The Furniture Company’s Supervisor of the Marketing Department is at present pursuing a strategy to grow its market share in the standardised section of the market because of quality differences between their product and those of larger companies. Marketing Audit Internal Product – High quality standardised products targeted at C1/C2 segments. Considered to be higher quality than those of larger competitors. The firm has a very good reputation for quality products. Pricing -Currently sold to up market retail outlets and on all sales are there is a very high profit margin on a relatively low turnover. Prices are higher than for similar type products in the large retail outlets due to economies of scale in purchasing. Place – Customers mainly consist C1/C2 for the standardised furniture. Potential customers visit the company’s display showroom, fully manned by an accounts clerk, a salesperson, both of whom are full-time and two part-time salespersons at weekend. Promotion – Very little advertising is done. Current advertising is mainly done via local press, and via direct mail all aimed locally. Advertising spend tends to be about 3% of revenue, with higher marketing spend within peak months. External Social – Since consumer trends are always changing, as are several of the products. With the traditional furniture, trends have small effect on sales. Economic – Figures to be confirmed. There is a spend of over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½750,000 within East Lancashire in the furniture market. The predicted growth for next year is 2% due to current consumer spend (interest rate currently stands at XX, and inflation 2.6%). Competitive – The Furniture Company faces many competitors, on its retail side are many, and on local scale there are approximately 10 similar sized companies, although, the firm has a very good reputation throughout the entire region for all its products. Customer Audit Standardised products are aimed at C1/C2 segments. The competitions products were viewed as inferior to those of The Furniture Company, due to highly skilled craftsmanship. SWOT Analysis Strengths * Availability, either via local showroom, situated just off motorway or via retail outlet * Access, Full showroom with manned staff * Established, very good reputation throughout the region * Established up market retail outlet supplier * Higher quality than those of larger competitors * Innovation, constantly designing new furniture for changing market Weaknesses * Prices are slightly higher than for similar type products Opportunities * Market Development * Selling to mid-market retail outlets Nationwide * Expanding product into Europe & worldwide Threats * Prices are higher than for similar type products in the large retail outlets * Unable to keep up with supplier demand Marketing Objectives and Strategies Market Development Ansoff’s Matrix is a well-known Marketing Tool for deciding upon strategies for growth. First published in the Harvard Business Review (1957) in an article called Strategies for Diversification (see below example). Market Penetration By marketing our existing products to our existing customers, thus increasing revenue, by promoting the product, repositioning the brand. The aim is to encourage people to switch from other furniture manufacturers. Market Development Marketing the product in a new market/target audience. By introducing the product into a new region and also exporting the product. Market Extension/Product Development Selling the existing standard furniture into new markets, nationwide and worldwide, as the product already has a strong marketing competence. Diversification Not required Example of The Ansoff Matrix Product Life Cycle (see diagram below) Launch/Introduction – The product is introduced into new markets and heavily promoted to create awareness. High costs. Due to success in the current markets, risk is fairly low. Growth – Higher volume of sales enables The Furniture Company to benefit from economies of scale. Products become more profitable as sales rise and costs fall. Advertising spend is still high and focuses on building upon a brand name, ready for the maturity and decline stage to introduce new furniture after the brand has been established. Maturity – Sales grow at a decreasing rate and then stabilise. Brand awareness is crucial in continuing success. The company retains its share of the market by capturing sales from weaker rivals by ensuring consistently quality furniture. Decline – At this point there is a downturn in the market for this particular product. Sales and profit decline. New products are introduced or consumer tastes have changed. Product can be removed from the market at this stage and replaced by new furniture or profits can be improved by reducing marketing spend and cost cutting. Elimination/Withdrawal (or extension) When faced with decline in sales, the company will need to decide whether the decline is Temporary, Terminal and Irreversible or Capable of being reversed by an adjustment in the marketing mix Extension To rejuvenate the product to prolong its life by changing the product, the brand, the way it is promoted or the distribution channel. Question 2 As supervisor in the marketing department one of my roles is to devise expansion strategies as question 1. I believe, however, that the high quality hand crafted furniture could sell to a national and ultimately international market especially if at some future point the U.K. joins the single currency. At present these products sell to a regional market and I have already put this idea to the Marketing Director and received a positive response to the extent that he wants you to do a presentation to the full board of Directors on this idea Devise a promotional campaign to be presented to the Board that would reach a national market for the higher quality products. Marketing is defined as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying the requirements of customer profitably. Product Introduce the standardised range and also high quality furniture into mid-market and up-market retail outlets nationwide. The standardised range is higher quality than those of competitors. The handcrafted furniture provides high quality furniture aimed at the higher end of the market. Price Cost for the standardised product is slightly higher than its competitors. This can stand being higher due being higher quality than the products of competitors. Place The standardised products and the high quality furniture both sell currently to larger retail outlets and also to individual order. Introduction of the furniture into a national market and also international market. Promotion Offer trials to nationwide retail outlets, both mid-market and up-market with the relevant products, with trial offers. Pay for advertising spend to promote the product within the area via local media, and also promote product and brand via in-store advertising and display stands. Brand awareness is very important at this stage. The Promotional Plan * Description of products available * A description of target audience * Identification of the price * Information on where the product will be sold * Methods to be used o Posters – placed at locations in store and places frequented by your target audience o Press Release – Informing of the product to be selling locally o Local Newspaper Advertising – Advertising within locality using established media within the area promoting brand and product o Radio Advertising – Informing of product and brand launch, aimed at prime time listening, selecting stations geared to 35+ and homeowner audience. Question 3 I am employed as the supervisor in the Personnel Department and am responsible for the overseeing of the day-to-day tasks of the department. I am currently studying for the Institute of Personnel Management qualification and have become more familiar with the concept of human resources. Present a paper to the Personnel director outlining the benefits of introducing a HRM approach to the management of people and in particular how this would improve both productivity and motivation. Motivation (Definition) †¦ a set of processes concerned with the force that energises behaviour and directs it towards attaining some goal. A strategic, coherent and comprehensive approach to the management and development of the organisations human resources in which every aspect of that approach is wholly integrated with the overall management of the organisation. HRM is essentially an ideology, quote M. Armstrong, taken from Handbook of Human Resource Management, Kogan Page, 1999. Human resources management activities relate to employees pay, welfare, conditions of employment and training. HRM is based on four principles * Employees must be seen as valued assets in which to invest. It is human capability and commitment, which, in the final analysis, distinguishes successful organisations from the rest, Storey. * HRM is of strategic importance and, therefore, needs to be considered by top management in the formulation of the corporate plan. * Commitment not compliance. The key levers (the development of human resources; evaluation of performance and the rewarding of it) are to be used to seek not merely compliance but commitment. In other words, employees should not be forced to work grudgingly, but by obtaining their wholehearted commitment * Strategic implications of HRM. HRM is therefore, seen to have long-term implications and be integral to the core performance of the business. It must be the intimate concern of the line managers. Line managers have the responsibility of managing their staff. The role of personnel function is to enable the line managers to fulfil their HRM responsibilities effectively. Soft and Hard Approach to HRM The soft approach can be closer than the traditional personnel approach. Soft HRM is an integrated strategic function that is concerned with nurturing people because they are human beings whose feelings should be considered and, developing this valuable resource is the best way to achieve results. The Hard approach is based on the belief that human resources are the key assets, with emphasis placed on * Getting more out of people * Using them in a more productive way The aims of HRM are the same whether hard or soft and as follows * Enable management to achieve organisational objectives via its workforce * Enable people to utilise their full potential * Foster commitment * Integrate human resources policies with business plans * Establish an environment to unleash the creativity and energy of the workforce * Encourage flexibility in the interests of an organisation that is able to adapt to the environment and achieve excellence The main areas of management activity associated with the HRM philosophy * Organisation, design and effectiveness especially in relation to teamwork, communications, customer service and change management * Resources providing human resources required by means of recruitment, retention and training programmes. * Performance management improving performance by means of appraisal * Reward management for example, linking pay to performance * Motivation redesigning jobs and devising rewards to motivate employees * Commitment The integration of the needs of the individual with those of the organisation * Employee Relations Policies and procedures to encourage cooperation to the mutual benefit to all * Flexibility by means of mulitskilling redesigning jobs and new patterns of work * Quality as a way of life * Culture management influencing behaviour and thereby attitudes by means of resourcing, performance management and reward strategies Leadership and Motivation In the HRM school, Leadership should be democratic rather than authoritarian, managers should consult employees on matters that affect them, important in gaining respect of both the manager and the company, motivation rewards of social and psychological, not just financial. Motivation is defined as in influence that cases people (employees) to want to behave in a certain way, and combined with ability can result in performance. The motivated worker will be keen to work, take pride in their work, will not display negative attitude towards the company, display high level of commitment and get satisfaction out of work, benefiting the organisation with higher productivity levels, lower labour turnover, lower absenteeism, improve quality with less waste, greater willingness to accept change, willingness to contribute ideas and take on additional responsibility, allowing the company to overall reap the benefits of even greater financial gain. In production department, for example, possible financial reward could be brought into place looking at Hertzberg’s Hygiene factors of Pay and Benefits, Working Conditions, Company Policy, Status, Job Security, Supervision, Office and Personal Lift all set to motivate Achievement, Recognition, Job Interest, Responsibility and ultimately Advancement. HRM could look at setting up motivating factors with the sales department by setting targets based on achieving sales to new retailers nationwide with additional financial gain based on and over achieving rewards. The key concepts to adapting a HRM approach to the company would provide the following Competition advantage – Aspects of the company that give it an advantage over its rivals Human Resource Management – A strategic, coherent and comprehensive approach to the management and development of the company’s human resources Personnel Management – Management/administration of recruitment, welfare and training of the employees McGregors Theory x and Y (1960) McGregors Theory X and Y (1960) about managerial behaviour had a profound effect on management thinking and practice. His Theory Y principles featured in management training courses for a decade or more. They influenced the design and implementation of personnel policies and practices. The legacy today permeates the axioms of participative and total quality management and the continued practice of staff appraisal. McGregor defined assumptions that he felt underpinned the practices and stances of managers in relation to employees. These were evident from their conversations and actions. Two sets of propositions were dubbed Theory X and Y. He was saying that – what managers said or showed in their behaviour revealed their theories-in-use. Their predisposition led managers to pursue particular kinds of policies and relationships with employees. McGregor’s Theory Y was interpreted and promoted as a one-best-way, i.e. Y is the best. Managers or aspects of their behaviour became labelled as Theory X, the bad stereotype and Theory Y – the good. McGregor ideas were much informed by Maslow’s need satisfaction model of motivation. Needs provide the driving force motivating behaviour and general orientation. Maslow’s ideas suggested that worker dissatisfaction with work was due to poor job design, managerial behaviour and too few opportunities for job satisfaction. On the basis of these ideas about drives – Maslow suggested a classification of needs related to the development of the person – lower level needs giving way developmentally to higher order needs. Thus a hierarchy is suggested although not claimed by Maslow. Example of Maslows Hieratchy Benefits If we introduced a HRM approach to the company ultimately employees at all levels will feel motivated and productive as quoted by carrot & stick philosophy acceptance, and produce the most productivity. Employees will feel more worthy with a much easier line of communication with everyone feeling a valuable part of the organisation. The company needs to introduce a leadership mentality rather than management leadership and nurturer a new leadership approach. At present the organisation’s communications systems are mostly paper and telephone based Present a discussion document to the Personnel director explaining the concept of this electronic office, including explanation of the relevant technologies and their potential benefits You should also point out any potential drawbacks from this innovation and conclude with an evaluation of whether the benefits outweigh the drawbacks or vice versa While predictions of the paperless office have yet to be fully realised, modern business now relies on a vast array of electronic equipment to function efficiently and effectively. The concept of a paperless office is to ensure productivity improvement and to use time more efficiently. At present most of the organisations communications are paper and telephone based. Initially, by utilising e-mail (electronic mail, which is the main use of the internet) the following advantages are gained by replacing paper & telephone communication * Speed of movement and data * Paperless office * Accessible via any modem line * Delivery is faster than snail mail (post, especially useful when dealing overseas) * It overcomes the problems of timezones. The recipient does not have to be there to receive it * Like fax, it is possible to send messages to more than one person * E-mail addresses are portable * It enables users to exchange information with people * The cost is not dependent on the distance travelled * It is cheaper than fax or telephone * Cuts out general chat on the telephone * Less formal than a letter * The message will remain in the recipients e-mail account until it is collected * Can be sent with document or picture attachment * E-mails can be stored until recipient discards information Installing computerised systems with each department will also benefit from enabling all staff to access shared data from different departments computerised filing systems, e.g. access into word documents, spread sheets and other programme files. With transportable laptops, the office can be taken anywhere and even used worldwide, to assist in presentations and retrieving documents on a more global scale. Document Management System Another new form of the Electronic Office is the Document Management System offering solutions from the standalone scanner to a whole enterprise solution. E-Business solution companies analyse and advise on new business solutions. The Document Management System is a small step in the way forward for the paperless office, the benefits of incorporating the system is * Reduce office staff non-productivity rapidly locating folders and documents * Retain corporate knowledge and know where it is * Access paper documents within your business application * Scan your cabinets full of documents to secure them in case of Fire, Flood, Burglary or damage * Enable multiple people access to the same document or folder * Safely secure your documents for archival * Reduce boxes of stored paper * Automatically recognise forms and characters on incoming documents and locate them based on their content * Fax and receive documents directly from your desktop * Establish document privacy Electronic Office Manager It is a Human Resources and Process Management System that focuses on the internal operations of your business. The EOM provides businesses with a computerised Office Manager, with everything defined as a procedure, checklist or form. Job Descriptions become daily â€Å"to do† lists. To help manage time with automated reminders covering everything from training events to holiday management. EOM also provides Electronic Human Resource and Training Departments with employee files, applicant databases, and pre-written and editable employee handbooks and job descriptions. It also includes a system for creating and scheduling training. EOM even helps with financial forecasting and business planning features and point-to-point web navigation and link management. Operative Procedures, HRM, Business Development, Scheduling and Education & Training are all available via EOM programme. Electronic Drawbacks Training and monitoring of training will be required at each stage to ensure competence and understanding of new system. With regular meetings required, and management of the change in system. Staff may be dissatisfied with the paperless office, and reluctant to the change. System failure. Without the adequate after support service and/or training there could be potential problems with system errors, which may result in non-productivity if staff rely on PC’s when there is a breakdown. A recent example pf a paperless office is one department of Glasgow Borough Council, who recently had a computerised system developed solely for the use. Originally, each site manager called into an office each morning to collect information on various sites requiring repair assessment visits (approx 20 throughout the day) followed by a visiting to each site and manual completion of an in-depth form, and followed by manually inputting information on the computer for someone else then to call out to complete the repair work. The Borough Council have now developed a computerised system to enable them to receive the site information via electronic organiser, input the repair requirements, and return information upon completion for repairs to be carried out. Not only did this save much time on paperwork, but also time is more effectively managed by receiving full details of jobs throughout the day, which may be in areas the site manager is already working in.    BIBLIOGRAPHY Jewell Bruce R, An Integrated Approach to Business Studies, Longman, [2000] ISBN 0582 40542 4 Ansoff’s Matrix, www.marketingteacher.com/lessons/lesson_ansoff.html [accessed 31/05/02] How do I market My Inventions, http://www.montanaedu/wwwcxai [accessed 20/05/02] The Electronic Office, www.walters.co.uk/brochure/elecoffice1.htm [accessed 06/06/02] Imaging and Document Management Solutions, www.cabinetng.net/paperlessoffice.htm [accessed 05/06/02]